Ultra High Strength Steel-Sandwich

Project time: 2013 – 2016

Budget: 8 140 000 SEK

Funding: FFI – Strategic Vehicle Research and Innovation

This project is aimed at developing competitive light weight steel solutions for the car body by reducing the density of the blank material without any major change in the elastic stiffness. The low density steel blank is a laminate (sandwich) with outer layers of ultra-high strength steel and low density core created by sintered metal powder.

The project has been divided into 5 steps, sintering, bonding, press hardening, deformation testing and simulation. Sintering: Several different alloy has been tested and the best seems to be an austenitic stainless steel quality. The sintered core turn out to be fragile due to the porosity. Bonding: In this case the goal has been to do the bonding before (at the sintering process) or during the press hardening process. Attaching the core to the outer sheets during to sintering process was not a success due to the long time in a high temperature which made the grain grow on the outer sheets which made the material more brittle. The other way, melting the brazing foil in the furnace at the same time as the blanks gets heated up for press hardening worked well. Two brazing foils were found for uncoated outer sheets, Metglas MBF62 and Vitrobraze VZ2170. For AlSi and Zn coated no working brazing foil were found. Press hardening: Joining the previous stages together the final manufacturing step is the press hardening. The press hardening process works well with the sintered core and the brazing foil because it is floating when the forming takes place. When doing parts with more complex geometry, there will be limitation for the sintered core but patches might be used locally. Deformation testing: After the press hardening deformation tests followed. Unfortunately both the core and the brazing turned out to be too weak to hold the press hardened outer sheets together. If using a softer steel as outer sheets the results would be different but not as good regarding weight saving. Simulation: The focus has been modelling the defamation behavior. Three ways has been evaluated. 1. Shell elements 2. Solid elements 3. Shell elements (outer sheets) and Solid elements (core). For modeling of the interface between core and outer sheets a tie-break contact in LS-DYNA has been used to virtually reproduce the cohesive behavior. This will probably make option 3 above the best option. Due to the brittleness of the sintered core it has been difficult to do material characterization.
The conclusion is that there is a good possibility to make a sandwich structure to be used for press hardening. Using a sintered core and brazing as bonding can still be a weight saver if the part only works in the elastic zone with small deformations. However for parts used in crash and high deformation, sintered core and Ni based brazing is probably not a possible solution due to the low strength compared to the press hardened steel.

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